Barton Case Study

Barton Case Study Assessment of the Financial Position and Performance of the Barton Firm In order to assess the financial position and financial performance of the Barton engine business, it is important to consider carefully the ratio analysis of the company, as it assists comparisons, simplifies financial-statement, aids the top-management to recognize whether the business’s financial position is enhancing or worsening by showing a yearly-trend, evaluates the long-term financial aptitude, and operating efficiency.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Barton Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To conduct the ratio analysis of this firm, the focus should be on analyzing total current ratio, gross profit margin, net profit margin, and quick ratio or asset test ratio for three years (1999, 2000, and 2001), and compare between these ratios in order to come into a conclusion about Barton firm’s financial situation. Rati o Analysis for the Barton Firm Total Current Ratio (Total Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities) Total Current Ratio 1999 2000 2001 24297 / 16711 23255 / 16232 24159 / 15338 1.454 1.433 1.575 Table 1: Total Current Ratio for Three Financial Years of Barton Engine Source: Self-generated from Barton Case Study Current ratio is a common and quick evaluation of liquidity of Barton firm, as it shows the margin of safety or cushion accessible to the creditors; moreover, it is an index for Barton’s financial stability and practical solvency and a directory of the strength of its working capital. As shown in the table 1, from 1999 to 2000, there has been a slow increase in the current ratio of Barton (1.454 in 1999, 1.433 in 2000, and 1.575 in 2001). As this kind of rise in the ratio demonstrates the enhancement of the liquidity position of the business, it is notable that the liquidity position of Barton had a slow development over these three years. On th e other hand, if there was a decline in the current ratio, it was quite natural that the liquidity position of the business has worsened with time and that it should improve in order to have better position.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gross Profit Margin (Gross Profit Margin = Gross Profit / Revenue from Sales X 100) Gross Profit Margin 1999 2000 2001 26438 / 125950 x 100 24350 / 118175 x 100 21130 / 110000 x 100 20.991% 20.605% 19.209% Table 2: Gross Profit Margin for Three Financial Years of Barton Engine Source: Self-generated from Barton Case Study The gross profit margin is the proportion of the turnover, which a business preserves following the direct-expenses linked to generating the materials traded throughout a certain period; moreover, a rising profit margin means that the firm has good pricing strategy (it is able to lift prices with sm all or no effect on sales) or that it possess a rising productivity. However, as illustrated in table 2, there has been a substantial decrease in the gross profit margin from 1999 to 2000, which were consecutively 20.991%, 20.605%, and 19.209% decreasing margin could indicate that variable costs have risen while selling price has remained constant; it could also mean that Barton has cut prices to make an augmentation in sales. Net Profit Margin (Net Profit Margin = Net Profit / Revenue from Sales X 100) Net Profit Margin 1999 2000 2001 271 / 125950 x 100 236 / 118175 x 100 1855 / 110000 x 100 0.216% 0.199% 1.69% Table 3: Net Profit Margin for Three Financial Years of Barton EngineAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Barton Case Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Source: Self-generated from Barton Case Study High net profit margin ratio shows how successful the firm is at changing sales into profit, and that the firm is capitalizing on some competitive-advantage, which can give it some additional capability and suppleness throughout the difficult financial periods; conversely, low net margin means the firm is not generating enough sales or it is not keeping your operating-expenses under control. Throughout 1999, 2000, and 2001, it is notable that the net profit margin has decreased so much that it took on a negative figure (0.216% in 1999, 0.199% in 2000, and 1.69% 2001). Such a decline in the net profit margin ratio throughout the three stated financial years might point out cost binges, which necessitate competence development; the Barton firm, having a low ratio, might need to take on debt to pay its expenses. Quick Ratio or Asset Test Ratio (Quick Ratio (Asset Test Ratio) = (Current Assets-Inventory) / Current Liabilities) Quick Ratio (Asset Test Ratio) 1999 2000 2001 (24297 8228) / 16711 (23255 8066) / 16232 (24159 11683) / 15338 0.962 0.936 0.813 Table 4 : Quick Ratio (Asset Test Ratio) for Three Financial Years of Barton Engine Source: Self-generated from Barton Case Study Asset test ratio would decline while cash or accounts obtainable balances reduce, devoid of an equivalent diminish in current liabilities, or boost in a current liability devoid of an equivalent boost in cash or accounts obtainable (for example, cash spent to buy fixed assets, cash spent to give off a long term debt, or cash spent to disburse dividends).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1999, 2000, and 2001, the asset test ratio diminished respectively by 0.962, 0.936, and 0.813, which shows Barton had a small liquidity ratio demonstrating that the firms liquidity position has needed further amplification. Suggestions for Ms. Payne Regarding the Financial Situation It is very important for Ms. Payne to provide a closer observation to improve the gross profit margin. This is achievable by two ways, either by augmenting the sales revenue when keeping the cost of sales the same, or by lowering the cost of sales, when upholding the same level of sales revenue. It is essential to note that Barton firm had an increase in its current ratio throughout the three years. However, in order to further enhance its current ratio and liquidity position, Ms. Payne should try to bring more cash into the balance sheet either by selling the under used assets, increasing loan capital and long term borrowings, or postponing intended investments. Moreover, the chief financial officer should also focus on raising the gross profit, or lowering the expenses and overheads. This will develop Barton’s net profit, which in turn will help it to enhance the net profit margin. According to table 4, the quick ratio or asset test ratio of the Barton firm has lowered constantly in 1999, 2000, and 2001. In order to enhance Barton’s asset test ratio, Ms. Payne should focus on two things, firstly, operate at increasing sales from the existing asset base, and secondly, sell of under utilized assets profitably, so that the sales figure has divided by a lower asset total. SWOT Analysis of Barton Engine Works Co Figure 1: SWOT Analysis of Barton Engine Works Co Source: self generated Strengths The internal strengths of Barton Engine are its glorious history, brand image, human resources, and performance of few departments, customer vase in the US market, and so on. Brand Awareness: Barton Engine Works Co had strong brand awareness for its consumer oriented five ho rsepower engine market; Employees: this company was the largest employer of the Barton County and it had more than 400 employees; Performance: According to the Barton Case Study, Earl and his engineering department’s little customer engine business is doing well. In addition, Earl stated that there is no immediate risk of losing the customer â€Å"Mulch Co† and 164 licensed dealers have doubled their purchase order from Barton Engine; Corporate Social Responsibility: Barton Engine has a significant level of budgetary involvement for its CSR1 policy and practice, for instance, the company provides scholarship to the children of the employees and talented students, send Christmas cards to the employees, and take care them; Customer Base: The strong base of loyal customers helped the company to continue its business and to compete with Japanese manufactures; Long Experience: Barton Engine Works Co has long experience to carry on its business with remarkable footprint in the US market. Weaknesses Besides strong points, Barton Engine has many weaknesses, such as Leadership: Once upon a time, this company was reputed for the financial strengths as predecessors were built a well-respected, $110 million company. However, the unfortunate death of William and his son by commuter plane crash created leadership gap though Ms. Payne is enough competent person to control the company as she has practical experience with high educational background; Decrease Market Share: The market share of Barton had decreased dramatically from 1985, for instance, it had at least 37% of consumer oriented five horsepower auto market in 1885 but it was only 4% in 2001, which indicates that 70% of total sales had down within last 15 years. In addition, its industrial market share had also dropped to 19%; Barton Engine Design: Integration of modern technology is an important factor in order to meet the demand of the products and create new fields of business operation but this company was not concentrated this issue. According to the case study, this company has been captured a significant market share 50 years ago when the owner of this company was designed high-tech model but the successors of the owner ignored this issue and lost market share; Operating costs: it was not possible for the management to reduce operating costs, and in 2001, its engineering, selling and administrative costs were $22,188,000; Financial position: This company has experienced huge financial problems as its net operating profits have decreased dramatically, for instance, its net income was 2065 thousands in 1999 where as it was (1058) thousands in 2001. Opportunities Key opportunities of the company have discussed below Market Demand: The top-level management of the company believed that they have strong customer base because still customers seek Barton Engine though Japanese manufactures sale few more engines in the US market. According to the Barton Case Study, this comp any has also largest market share, which indicates that it has huge opportunity to increase customer demand in the US market by restructuring and implementing new strategies; Increase Market Share: Most of the countries of the world are now member of WTO, which gives the scope to the company to enter new market by adopting suitable entry mode strategies to increase market share; Joint Venture: As many customer intended to purchase Barton Engines, it has the opportunity to joint venture with renowned companies to share technology of the partners, assets, manpower and so on; Divestiture Strategy: According to the Barton Case Study, the performance of few subsidiaries was not stable to carry on the business. As a result, the management of this company has opportunity to adopt divestiture strategy to concentrate on the core business or profitable units; Diversification: This Company has opportunity to diversify its product range both vertically and horizontally to attract the customer. Threats As per the case study, major threats for the company’s were Competitors: Japanese competitors were main problem for the company because Barton lost the market share and its glorious position due to strong presence of the Japanese products, for instance, in 1985, Japanese had only 6% and 2% share of consumer oriented five horsepower and ten horsepower auto market accordingly but it is now market leader of this sector. On the other hand, Japanese manufactures offered technologically advance products and designed new models over time; Decision-Making process: Taking right decision in proper time is one of the most important factors for the development of the company. However, the company may become insolvent due to undertake inappropriate steps; Conflicts between directors: Williams intended to carry out the business with old equipment, as he was spent huge fund for purchasing new products in 1978. On the other hand, the son of William was interested to purchase new m achine to develop quality of the products and increase efficiency of the employees. However, Williams argued that it should require more than $100 million to purchase new equipments, and need sufficient fund to train employees, so, this conflicts between directors had influenced to decrease the performance in the US market; Sales Report: The marketers scrutinised the sales data of profitable units and found that the earnings from 10-horsepower engine would decreased by 75% within the next fiscal year. Recommendation Ms. Payne should increase budget for promotional activities as it can increase customer base and market share; Moreover, she should decrease production costs by purchasing few machine and repairing old machine as the customers never compromise with the quality of the products; To reduce operating costs, the company should recruit efficient and low cost employees from South Asian countries like Bangladesh, India, and China; In addition, Ms. Payne should compare the perf ormance of all subsidiaries and sale the non profitable units to concentrate on the core business; She should try to work as a team to develop the performance of the employees; Ms. Payne should review the performance of the competitors to take decisions; She should consider the opinion of the top management and employees; However, Ms. Payne should restructure the pricing strategy in order to compete with the Japanese engine manufacturing companies. Suggestions about the 10-Horsepower Engine According to the Barton Case Study, in 1985, Barton had 21% share in consumer oriented 10-horsepower engine market whereas Japanese had captured only 2% market share. The US customers of generators, pumps and compressors were relied on Barton’s products for its quality and design, but Mr. William never upgraded the design and technology of 10-horsepower engine. As a result, this company failed to retain their glorious position and Japanese manufactures captured major portion of market sha re though some dealers of Barton is doing well and they have created a loyal customer base. Therefore, besides of upgrading the design of the engine, Barton firm should undertake the strategies suggested below. Suggestions 1: Formulating Pricing Strategy Assessment of the Strategy Appraisal Methods Evaluation Criteria Creates brand recognition This strategy will develop Barton’s brand image by creating a preference amongst the consumers for the 10-horsepower engine. Supports the vision Throughout 1999, 2000, and 2001, its sales have lowered significantly. In these circumstances, the position of the company can be improved by following a pricing strategy that will add a little mark-up after the cost of production. High price may cause declining sales. Utilize core competency Barton would need long time to regain its position if it does not consider this strategy as its key competency. Rivalry As other competitors ask lower price to capture the market, Barton shoul d hit the market by restructuring their pricing policy Constructs uniqueness and differentiation This will differentiate the 10-horsepower engine Generates loyal consumer base A large group of customer will become loyal for low prices, as because of the aftershock of the global financial crisis, the purchasing power of the consumers have reduced. Moreover, a larger consumer base will in turn enhance Barton’s market share. Financial hazards The strategy may initially mean quite low profits Short and long-term growth rate In long-term, the growth rate of Barton will increase Thinking customer first This strategy meet the criteria of considering the customer first Extent of Flexibility Cost Leadership is the effective strategy for future sustainability Suggestions 2: Undertaking Joint Venture Strategy Assessment of the Strategy Appraisal Methods Evaluation Criteria Creates brand recognition By this strategy, Barton will try to rebuild and renovate the techn ology of the 10-horsepower engine with the help of the firm it will join with; in long run, this will increase its brand recognition Supports the vision This strategy will support Barton to enhance the 10-horsepower engine and regain its recognition, which is one of its visions. Utilize core competency If successfully renovated, the 10-horsepower engine can be Barton’s core competency Rivalry Reduce competition between other player Constructs uniqueness and differentiation It will differentiate the engine as it would develop with the help of expert jointly from 2 different firms. In addition, the hard work, experience, human resources, capital, finances, skills, and adaptability of 2 different firms may mean that the outcome of the joint venture is successful. Generates loyal consumer base Enhanced functionality of the 10-horsepower engine ensures the creation loyal customer base. Financial hazards In case of joint venture, it has minimal start up costs, and few o verhead Short and long-term growth rate It offers large potential growth in the long-term in some cases. Thinking customer first This strategy has designed with think the company first Extent of Flexibility It limits its adaptability Footnotes 1 Corporate Social Responsibility

abraham lincon essays

abraham lincon essays President Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States. He was the president during the Civil War when he fought for slave rights and ended up freeing the slaves. His life ended on April 15, 1865 at the hand of a killer named John Wilkes Booth while attending a performance at Fords Theater in Washington D.C. On February 12, 1809, the son of Thomas and Nancy Honks Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Harden County, Kentucky. They named him Abraham after his grandfather. Having no education, Thomas Lincoln, Abrahams father worked as a farmer, as his family made repeated new starts in the west. When little Abraham was eight years old, his family moved from Kentucky to Indiana, where he grew up in a wild region, with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods. Abrahams childhood was spent in a poor life, as opportunities for education and cultural activities on the frontier wes poor. In the year of 1818, his mother Nancy died of a frontier decease called Milk Sickness. Only one year after Nancys death, Abrahams father, Thomas, married a woman named Sarah bush Johnston, a mother of three children, who became Abrahams stepmothe. Sarah made sure that the by Abraham received at least some schooling to read and write. The Lincolns lived in Indiana for a period of fourteen years. Abraham was raised on hard farm work and hunting. He grew strong and very tall. He was in height, six feet, four inches, nearly weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; he had black hair, gray eyes. To support the poor family, Thomas Lincoln kept Abraham busy at farm work until Abraham was twenty-two years old. In the year of 1830, the Lincolns decided to leave the state of Indiana, because they hoped of a better future and moved to the state of Illinois. Abraham settled in the town of New Salem, Illinois, where he began his education by study ...

Air transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Air transport - Essay Example How would people get to these destinations? Since most people cannot walk to any of these destinations and both Cuba and Hawaii are islands so driving is an impossibility, without airports, airlines and planes visiting any of destinations would be next to impossible. Airlines have rejuvenated the tourism industry and contributed to the globalization of the tourist trade. Without airlines this industry were be remarkably different and would not be the lucrative global industry that it has now become. Airlines give us unparalleled choice in the vacations we choose and commercial flight operators are the backbone of the dynamic tourist trade. Seeking to understand structure of the airline industry through a holistic analysis, this research paper identify three innovations brought by the major carriers in the 1980s and discuss how these innovations have changed the structure of the airline industry. This early section will be descriptive and will describe the major changes put forth by the most important airline players in the 1980s and will explore how these changes in fact contributed to the dramatic alteration of an industry which has always been in a state of flux and evolution. Following this analysis, the second component of this research paper will be prescriptive in nature and will discuss how the structure of the airline industry will change in the next 10 years. The bulk of this assignment will explore the future if the airline industry; by looking at the major issues facing the global airline industry in the future we will help provide solutions to the major challenges facing this dynamic industry. In the context of the United States, the deregulation of the airline industry set the stage for the complete transformation of the American airline industry. Accordingly in 1978, US President Jimmy Carter signed the Airline Deregulation Act, a United States federal law which paved the way for major changes to the airline industry in the United

Weekly Activity 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Weekly Activity 9 - Essay Example There are many unfortunate institutional barriers which impede the process of protection delivery to women on campus despite good policies enacted by the government like the Jeanne Clery Act. This act requires all colleges and universities to provide emotional support to victims of harassment and sexual assault. However, women still lack safety on campus because in addition to this fact that many attacks go unreported, college administrators themselves demonstrate great disbelief when complaints are delivered to them by victims. This attitude discourages students who need reassurance in times of distress (Zeisler, 2014). In order to turn around the situation of women’s safety for good at my campus, I intend to remove all those institutional barriers which impede delivery of protection to women on time. For this purpose, weekly instructional meetings will be organized after study hours on campus to make students feel more motivated and determined about reporting bad things when they happen to them. It is the silence of women which has made sexual assault a silent epidemic. These meetings will bring together women’s groups and campus safety agents in one place to put a stop to this growing epidemic. Zeisler, A. (2014, 30 Apr). College Campus Safety: What Parents and Students Should Know. HUFF POST. Retrieved from

Type A Influenza Virus And Why The Biology Of This Virus Is A Threat Essay

Type A Influenza Virus And Why The Biology Of This Virus Is A Threat To Human - Essay Example This is of great importance in the epidemiology of the disease. Antigenic variability is highest in influenza virus type A and less in type B, while it has not been demonstrated in type C. The internal RNP antigen and M protein antigen are stable but both the surface antigens, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, undergo independent antigenic variations, which may be of two types - antigenic shift and antigenic drift. Here, the new antigens, though different from the previous antigens, are related to them, so that they react with the antisera to the predecessor virus strains, to varying degrees. Antigenic drift is due to the mutation and selection, the process being influenced by the presence of antibodies to the predecessor strains in the host population. Antigenic drift accounts for the periodical epidemics of influenza. Antigenic shift, on the other hand, is an abrupt, drastic, discontinuous variation in the antigenic structure, resulting in a novel virus strain unrelated antigenically to predecessor strains. Such changes may involve hemagglutinin, neuraminidase or both. Antibodies to predecessor viruses do not neutralize the new variants and can, therefore, spread widely in the population causing major epidemics or pandemics.

Development of Womens Rights in Afghanistan

Development of Womens Rights in Afghanistan Progress, Stagnation and Regression A lot needs to be done before the equality of political rhetoric becomes an everyday reality for  women in Afghanistan (Amnesty International UK, 2013). Since the disempowerment of the Taliban, the status of women’s rights has seen  progress, stagnation and even regression. The Bonn Agreement of December 2001, endorsed  the establishment of a â€Å"gender-sensitive† government and laid the groundwork for the  Ministry of Women’s Affairs. In addition to MOWA, the Afghan government also created the  Office of the State Minister for Women and set up a Gender Advisory Group (Sarabi, 2003:  3). Moreover, the Bonn conference endorsed the establishment of the Afghanistan  Independent Human Rights Commission which is, amongst others, responsible for the  advancement of women’s rights. Over the years the Afghan government continued its efforts to promote women’s  rights by adopting its Constitution on January 4, 2004, that incorporates the principle of  equality in article 22 as well as a guaranteed quota for women in the bicameral National  Assembly in article 83 and article 84 (Ballington; Dahlerup, 2006: 253). On October 1st, 2004,  after years of political oppression, women voted in the first democratic elections; over the last  years, women held 27-28 percent of parliamentary seats in the Wolesi Jirga (The World Bank,  2013). These positive developments, however, are not secure. For example, the latest electoral  law has reduced the quota of guaranteed seats for women in provincial assemblies from a  quarter to a fifth (International Crisis Group, 2013: ii). Furthermore, it is often criticized by  feminists from within and outside of Afghanistan that those women who hold a political  mandate are only there to symbolize the Western su ccess, and simultaneously support with  their presence the Western imperialist as well as the Afghan patriarchal oppression, but in fact  have no say in politics (Franks, 2003: 148; Wajika, 2008: 140). An example for this claim is  the report of Malalai Joya, a former assembly women, who was pelted with water bottles by  other male assembly men and threatened by â€Å"Rape her!† calls (Ihlau; Koelbl, 2009: 253)  while delivering a speech in parliament. Another issue is the serious discrepancy between theory and practice, between words  and signatures on paper and effective actions to implement signed conventions and approved  laws. The Afghan government ratified the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of  all Forms of Discrimination against Women in 2003, and adopted the Elimination of Violence  Against Women Law in 2009, what can be described as positive developments. However,  often not all adopted laws are known by judges, prosecutors and lawyers, nor are they always  agreed to, and therefore are not applied. Furthermore, that conservative members of  parliament oppose, for example, the EVAW law, calling it â€Å"un-Islamic† (International Crisis  Group, 2013: ii), is an example of the fundamental incompatibility of article 22 and article 7  (compliance to the UN Charter, inter-state agreements, international treaties to which  Afghanistan has joined, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rig hts) with article 3 (no  law shall contravene the tenets and provisions of the holy religion of Islam) of the Afghan  Constitution. The interpretation of what counts as â€Å"un-Islamic† differs immensely in  Afghanistan. That girls and women now have the right to education and to employment is also a  very positive development. However, statistics show that the proportion of girls who go to  school and university is not only lower than that of boys, but declines with every level of  higher education; less than one in five women in Afghanistan is literate (CSO; UNICEF,  2012: 110). Also the female labor participation rate did not significantly increase over the last  ten years (World Bank, 2014). But with the historical background of women’s rights  violations under the Taliban regime as well as the decades of war in mind, no one can expect  women to suddenly break out of the traditional role allocation between men and women in  Afghanistan. Furthermore, it needs to be pointed out that not all Afghans support the  emancipation of girls and women. Girls’ schools are burned down as a symbol for the fight  between tradition and change (Brieger, 2005: 134). There is a com mon use of â€Å"night letters† – messages of insurgents groups to threat women and girls who go to school or to work, leave  their homes, speak to non-family men, or call radio stations with music requests (ACUNS,  2013: 108). Last year, UN Women condemned the increasing intimidation and targeted  killings of Afghan female government officials and public figures and called for justice (UN  Women, 2013). Moreover, it has to be mentioned, that in 2011 Afghanistan was named â€Å"the  most dangerous country for a women to live in†, because of high levels of violence, poor  healthcare and poverty (BBC, 2011). Especially domestic violence against women is a  problem that has become a regular feature of almost all households, and that shapes every  aspect of women’s and girls’ lives – their health, their livelihoods, their access to social and  cultural resources, and their educational opportunities (Global Rights Partners for J ustice,  2008: 1). Besides, many cases are not reported to the police nor prosecuted. The continuing  practice of child marriages and forced marriages is one of those forms of violence against  women and girls. Although getting reliable data is difficult, it is estimated that 60-80 per cent  of all marriages in Afghanistan are forced (UNFPA, 2012). All in all it can be said that there are improvements of the situation of women and girls  in Afghanistan. However, the level of progress differs between the regions of the country,  urban and rural areas, and between those districts where ISAF troops are present and those  where they are not. In a country where the emancipation of women has always been a  controversial issue (there have been multiple efforts to establish women’s rights in  Afghanistan from above in the past one hundred years – see AmÄ nullÄ h KhÄ n, Mohammed  Zahir Shah, Sardar Mohammed Daoud Khan, or the PDPA) a change of the status of women  in society is a long-term process. After thirteen years of intervention in Afghanistan, the IC  has to recognize that fact and has to admit that a lot of mistakes were made. In their article  Schwere strategische Fehler des Westens, Mariam Notten and Ute Scheub cited the survey of  the Afghan author Lina Abirafeh about the counterproductive gender-strategy of the West. Abirafeh criticizes different circumstances that led to the partial failure of Western attempts to  establish gender equality in Afghanistan. Amongst others, she mentions the fact that many  Afghan women feel like their own wishes of a self-determined life are not heard by the IC,  but rather ignored. The stigmatization of Afghan women as victims and not as active members  of the Afghan society is considered to be problematic. The result of this treatment is that there  is resistance against the Western efforts to enhance women’s rights in Afghanistan (Notten;  Scheub, 2009: 34). The IC has to recognize that it is not only necessary to establish a legal  framework for the implementation of women’s rights, but that the volition to actually live in a  community where men and women are equal has to come from within society. Therefore it is  important, for instance, to support NGOs in their grass-roots work. Also in the future.

Plagiarism and the Internet :: Cheating Educational Essays Papers

Plagiarism and the Internet In the days before computers research had to be done solely in books, articles, or on personal interviews. It was not so easy to attain an abundance of valuable information so quickly. Now children are taught from early ages to utilize the computer and the Internet. Searching school topics on web browsers is common knowledge for today ¦Ãƒ s youth. But with this breakthrough technology also comes consequences and rising disputes. Is the information that Internet-users are finding valid sources? What legal restrictions does one have in using those sources? Are the sources themselves legal? Students  ¡cutting ¡ material from a variety of different sites and  ¡pasting ¡ them into a word document as if it were their own work has become a common practice among high school and college students. According to the Salt Lake Tribune, seventy-five percent of students admit to committing  ¡academic dishonesty ¡, however only twenty-five percent of students from the same populous consider  ¡cutting and pasting ¡ to be the only serious form of cheating (Southard 2). A national survey conducted by Education Week estimated that fifty-four percent of students admitted to plagiarizing information from the Internet (Plagiarism.org 1). At the University of California-Berkley officials have stated that there was an averaged seven hundred and forty-four percent increase in cheating between the years of 1993 to 1997 (Plagiarism Statistics  ¡ Did You Know 1). Perhaps one of the reasons for this drastic increase of cheating is the easiness in which one can find the documents that they plagiarize. Popular websites such as  ¡www.schoolsucks.com ¡ and  ¡www.a1-termpapers.com ¡ provide immoral and slacking students with hundreds of prefabricated essays (Plagiarism, Ethics & the WWW 2), equipped with word count and grade received. Another possible reason for the increase in plagiarized schoolwork is the nation growing decline in ethics. The Callup Organization in 2000 published a list of the top problems facing the United States. The number one problem was education, followed by decreasing ethics. These two rankings perhaps aided in the creation of some of the other listed problems below, such as poverty, drugs, crime, and racism (Plagiarism.

How Fidel Castro is a Revolutionary Essay

â€Å"Some men are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them†. Those were the words of William Shakespeare in â€Å"Twelfth Night†. Some men are born and die without been sung. Their impact is not felt and they die to be forgotten by men. On the other hand, some leave their prints on the sand of time, their names and memories warm in the hearts of men. Such men are rare and are called legend, their names remembered by generations to come. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is such a man. There comes a time in any nation when history is made. When the government of any given state fails in its responsibility, then there is need for a change. At such times, the people naturally desire a change because their trust and hopes have been drained. The people clamor for a new government, a fresh vision and seek a new hope. The question that raises concern in the minds of the people of such state is who will bear the touch? Who will lead the struggle against oppression? Who is the fearless man that will fight for what he wholly believes in? In South Africa, it was Mandela, in India it was Gandhi, in America, it was Martin Luther and in Cuba it was Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz. One thing is peculiar of these people – They were all great revolutionary leaders in their countries. Who then is a revolutionary? A revolutionary is a person who promotes or actively engages in a form of revolution. Revolutionaries are often of the idea that a change is needed and that such changes might not come without forcing it out. The use of violence is acceptable once the desired result is achieved. A revolutionary believes and seeks to uphold certain ideals or ideology. If history is to be written, the archives of Cuba will not fail to recognize Fidel Castro. For one thing, he is arguably the most prolific leader that the country has produced. He is not just a leader but he was the one that spearheaded the revolution in the nation of Cuba. His impact on the nation of Cuba can not be overemphasized. Today, one can hardly talk about the nation of Cuba without mentioning the name Fidel Castro. The question is how did this man, born like you and I were, create a niche for himself. How did he become a revolutionary leader? What exploits did he perform that made his name indelible in the annals of history? Lawyer, Cuban Revolutionary, political leader, and the former President of Cuba, Fidel Castro was born on August 13, 1926 on Cuba’s North coast to Don Angel and Linda Castro. His parents were immigrants from Spain who had come to fight the United States during the Spanish- American war of 1898. He was trained under the Jesuit priests who instilled discipline, dedication and assertiveness into him. His interests were in issues that had to do with politics and government. He immersed himself in the polemical climate of Cuban politics, nationalism, anti-imperialism, and socialism. As a student of Havana University, he was elected the president of The Law Student’s Association. He had his degree in law at the University of Havana in 1950. In 1951 he became a leader in the emergent populist political movement led by the Partido del Pueblo Cubano. The group was known in Cuba as Ortodoxos, an anti-Communist nationalist group promising major social, economic and political reforms, and expecting to gain the presidency through electoral politics. He had planned to contest for a position in the congress but his plan was foiled when Fulgencio Batista usurped the constitutional government. When this happened, Castro and some of his folks who had the mind of contesting in the elections before the government was taken started planning a means of overthrowing the government. Later in 1952, Fidel Castro plotted his own quixotic revolt, this he did by leading 130 followers to attack the Moncada army barracks in Santiago on July 26, and 1953. The attack was a poorly planned fiasco in which the rebels tried to bluff their way in. They intended to overpower the 1,000-man garrison, seize some weapons, and then hand them out to crowds of supporters who never rallied to their cause. In 1955, he was granted political amnesty and he later left Cuba for Mexico where he began to train an expeditionary force. He later formed a guerilla force that aimed at a revolution that was filled with promises of land reforms, jobs and equity for all. This made the militants grow by the day. The people of Cuba began to see a new hope and a new dawn. They will give anything they can to stop the dictatorial rule of Fulgencio Batista. In 1956, Castro launched the revolution with the help of the 82 man strong guerrilla. Unfortunately, they were ambushed by the Cuban Army and were almost killed by the invasion. At the end of the day, only Castro and eleven of his men managed to escape from the hands of the Cuban Army. At this point, it was apparent that there was no man power to win this revolution. Therefore, Castro began a massive campaign where he sought to win the peasants to his side. After two years of confrontation, the revolution turned out to be a victory as he has already won most of the peasants to his side. This victory is so significant because Fidel Castro’s Guerrilla will be the first to will a military in Latin America. This proved him to be a great political strategist. On the 1st of January 1959, the Cuban revolution began with him being at the center of it. Many people joined this revolution for different reasons. It was believed that Fidel Castro will return the country to a constitutional rule, and the reaffirmation of civil and political rights. For others, who envisioned a major re-structuring of the society, the issue was social justice. These people placed their future into the arms of Fidel Castro and so it was easy for him to establish himself as the sole leader of the intended government. However, once he got to power, Castro steered his country towards communism and collective ownership of properties. He believed and practiced communism in its possible way. This made the landowners and the American nation furious. Apparently, Batista had previously developed relations with America. This came to an abrupt end at the advent of Castro’s communism. All privately owned businesses, both the ones owned by Cubans and/or the one owned by internationals were taken over by the government. Prior to this time, the America was almost in total control of the industries in Cuba. They made money from the Cubans without fuss. The standard of living of the average Cuban citizen was greatly altered. The major idea of communism is that the working class should be in charge of the government. At this point, privately owned property was regarded as illegal. Castro was of the idea that the money of the country should be distributed equally to all citizens, according to their needs. Also, the government controls the lifestyle of its citizens. Education is also an integral part of the new Cuba’s Communist government. As Castro had hoped for, these changes did have impressive short-term effects for Cuba. Serious illness and economic hardship were almost nonexistent and Cuba had the greatest number of teachers and doctors in that area of the Caribbean. It was a new dawn for Cuba as people seemed to be looking toward a better and more relying future with Castro in charge. However, these benefits did not come without a price. For instance, in order to protect the new forms of communism, Castro eliminated elections and freedom of the press, imprisoned political opponents, and made religion a thing to be ashamed of. Castro then began to act like his counterparts who were leaders of communist countries, doing things such as putting industry under government management, claiming the property of people not born in Cuba, creating communities for agriculture, and establishing laws to help laborers and peasants . Cuba’s new form of government not only affected its people, but also affected its own relationships with other governments around the world. International reactions varied from country to country about the communism in Cuba. Many of Cuba’s newly enforced laws and government created barriers with neighboring Latin American nations and in 1962 Cuba was dismissed from the Organization of American States. Because of the United States’ opposition of Communist governments, they were quickly on bad terms with Castro and Cuba. The United States government was led even further in their decision to end any relation they have with Cuba after the Cuban government seized all land owned by Americans Not all nations were in opposition to Cuba’s change of government. As a matter of fact, Cuba enjoyed a cordial relationship with The Soviet Union. The Soviet government, which was also Communist, assisted Cuba by offering financial aid, trade and the overdue payment of Cuba’s debts. Apart from these, Cuba was also accepted into the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) in an agreement signed in 1972 with the Soviet Union. Through his long rule as the Leader of Cuba, there have been several attempts made by the US to assassinate him. All these efforts have proved abortive as he has tactfully eluded them. In 1961-63 alone, the CIA recorded hundreds of violent sabotage operations, including several assassination attempts that relied on everything from exploding cigars to bacteria-infected handkerchiefs and aerosol sprays laced with LSD. According to Mr. Castro’s security services, the CIA and Cuban exiles in Miami hatched no fewer than 638 plots to kill him. All these plots have proved abortive. Fidel Castro is a legend. He has lived a life of impact and we are learning about him today. Whatever the view might be, one thing is certain; Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz is a revolutionary – one that will not be forgotten generations to come. Reference: †¢ Buckman, Robert T. World Today Series- Latin America 2000. Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publishers, 2000. †¢ â€Å"Fidel Castro Cuban Leader. † Newsmaker Profiles. Internet. 28 November 2000 †¢ Kolb, Richard K. â€Å"Cold War Along the cactus Curtain. † VFW Magazine Jan 1999. SIRS. 18 October 2000 †¢ â€Å"History of Cuba. † Internet. 14 November 2001 †¢ Horne, Jed. â€Å"Fidel’s Cuba: Revolution Running on Empty. † Times-Picayune Publishing Corporation 14 March 1993. SIRS Knowledge Source. 30 October 2001. †¢ Jervis, Rick. â€Å"Cuba. † Scholastic Update 23 February 1998. EBSCOHost. 14 November 2001. †¢ Fidel Castro. Anti Essays. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www. antiessays. com/free-essays/699. html †¢ Fidel Castro. BigNerds. com. Retrieved March 26, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www. bignerds. com/show. php? eid=699 †¢ Situation and Prospects in Cuba. (1963, June 14). (Item No. CC03127). Retrieved May 8, 2002, from Digital National Security Archives database. †¢ Chapo, Richard. (2006, October 28). Ten Interesting Tidbits About Cuba. EzineArticles. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? Ten-Interesting-Tidbits-About-Cuba&id=341249 †¢ Intelligence. (2008). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-233697 †¢ Rodriguez III, Alejandro. (2008, February 19). Fidel Castro – Cuba’s Leader Steps Down Changes Nothing. EzineArticles. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? Fidel-Castro—Cubas-Leader-Steps-Down-Changes-Nothing&id=996440 †¢ Castro, Raul. (2008). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved March 25, 2008, from Encyclop? dia Britannica Online: http://www. britannica. com/eb/article-9439238 †¢ http://www. marxists. org/history/cuba/archive/castro/ †¢ http://www. heritage. org/Research/LatinAmerica/wm1188. cfm †¢ http://www. cnn. com/2008/WORLD/americas/02/24/cuba. nextpresident/

Free Essays on Disciplining Children

Disciplining Children Children need discipline within reason. Not abuse to know they are bad. The word discipline, which comes from the root word disciplinare-to teach or instruct- refers to the system of teaching and nurturing that prepares children to achieve competence, self-control, self-direction, and caring for others. An effective discipline system must contain three vital elements; a learning environment characterized by positive, supportive parent-child relationships, a strategy for decreasing or eliminating undesired or ineffective behaviors. Each of these components needs to be functioning adequately for discipline to result in improved child behavior. The earliest discipline strategy is passive and occurs as infants and their caregivers gradually develop a mutually satisfactory schedule of feeding, sleeping, and awaking. Biologic rhythms tend to become more regular and adapt to family routines. The main parental discipline for infants is to provide generally structured daily routines but also to learn to recognize and respond flexibly to the infant’s needs. As infants become more mobile and initiate more contact, parents must impose limitations and structure to create safe spaces for them to explore and play. (Reid JB. Prevention of conduct disorder before and after school entry: relating interventions to developmental findings. Dev Psychopathol. 1993;5:243-262) Equally important, parents must protect them from potential hazards and introduce activities that distract their children from potential hazards. Such proactive behaviors are central to discipline for toddlers. Communicating verbally, NO, helps prepare the infant for later use of reasoning. As children grow older and interact with wider, more complex physical and social environments, the adults who care for them must develop increasingly creative strategies to protect them and teach them orderly and desirable patterns of behavior. Because of consistent s... Free Essays on Disciplining Children Free Essays on Disciplining Children Disciplining Children Children need discipline within reason. Not abuse to know they are bad. The word discipline, which comes from the root word disciplinare-to teach or instruct- refers to the system of teaching and nurturing that prepares children to achieve competence, self-control, self-direction, and caring for others. An effective discipline system must contain three vital elements; a learning environment characterized by positive, supportive parent-child relationships, a strategy for decreasing or eliminating undesired or ineffective behaviors. Each of these components needs to be functioning adequately for discipline to result in improved child behavior. The earliest discipline strategy is passive and occurs as infants and their caregivers gradually develop a mutually satisfactory schedule of feeding, sleeping, and awaking. Biologic rhythms tend to become more regular and adapt to family routines. The main parental discipline for infants is to provide generally structured daily routines but also to learn to recognize and respond flexibly to the infant’s needs. As infants become more mobile and initiate more contact, parents must impose limitations and structure to create safe spaces for them to explore and play. (Reid JB. Prevention of conduct disorder before and after school entry: relating interventions to developmental findings. Dev Psychopathol. 1993;5:243-262) Equally important, parents must protect them from potential hazards and introduce activities that distract their children from potential hazards. Such proactive behaviors are central to discipline for toddlers. Communicating verbally, NO, helps prepare the infant for later use of reasoning. As children grow older and interact with wider, more complex physical and social environments, the adults who care for them must develop increasingly creative strategies to protect them and teach them orderly and desirable patterns of behavior. Because of consistent s...

Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essays

Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essays Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essay Evaluate The United Kingdom Governments Sustainable Community Agenda Social Work Essay Essay Within the United Kingdoms complex public policies there are a myriad of mentions made to sustainability, communities and development. Public policy shapers have a leaning to utilize the footings sustainable, communities and development in an influential manner which has come to fruition since 1997 with New Labour developing policies to turn to societal exclusion and promote community coherence. Sustainability has moved from being a end to a necessity within the urban environment. Dresner ( 2002 ) defines sustainable development as ?meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their demands ( Dresner, 2002: 1 ) . Sustainable communities can be defined as topographic points where people want to populate and work, now and in the hereafter. They meet the diverse demands of bing and future occupants, are sensitive to their environment, and contribute to a high quality of life. They are safe and inclusive, good pl anned, built and run, and offer equality of chance and good services for all ( Cooper and Symes, 2009: 120 ) . The purposes and aims of this assignment are to research and critically measure the grounds based theory following the Governments sustainable communities agenda, in add-on make comparings of good and bad sustainable communities The move towards effectual community engagement was highlighted in 1986 by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. While it has been well criticised for holding become a mantra ( Baum, 1989 ) it does supply an apparent apprehension of the procedures of bring forthing healthy metropoliss and communities. The charter urged wellness sectors to go to more to basic wellness basicss such as shelter, peace, nutrient, income, instruction, stable ecosystems, societal justness and equity, by concentrating on procedures of protagonism, enablement and mediation, moreover on schemes to construct healthy public policies, empower communities, create supportive environments and reorient wellness services towards wellness publicity ( Baum needs to happen page ) . In 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development ( WCED ) study ?Our Common Future ( Brundtland Report ) highlighted the construct of sustainable development straight into the head of authoritiess internationally. There was incre asing concern about the effects of economic development on wellness, natural resources and the environment. In June 1992, the Rio Earth Summit declared that ?the right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably run into developmental and environmental demands of nowadays and future coevalss. Sustainable development is non merely about the environment, it is besides about the economic system and our society. In April 2003, Sir John Egan conducted a reappraisal to see the accomplishments needed to assist present the vision and purposes of the Sustainable Communities program. The decisions of The Egan Review ( day of the month ) acknowledged that a common aim was required to present sustainable communities which would necessitate non merely the professional accomplishments of planning, architecture and surveying. In add-on a wide scope of generic accomplishments, behavior and cognition, administration, economic planning, communicating, hazard pickings, leading and partnership working ( Egan day of the month ) . These communities are able and willing to move jointly to uncover shared values, revitalise their vicinities and even co bring forth local service. This usage of ?community remains, nevertheless, a powerful subject in cardinal authoritiess policy programmes. Agenda 21 clearly stated that an anti poorness scheme should be an built-in portion of any sustainable development scheme. Nevertheless, a strong decision drawn from activity studies in the UK ( mention ) is that LA21 has chiefly been seen as a bringing mechanism for environmental policy and has tackled comparatively few socioeconomic jobs. In 2000, the Government placed a new responsibility on local governments to organize community schemes which promote and better the economic, societal and environmental good being of their countries, and contribute to the accomplishment of sustainable development in the UK ( DETR, 2000 ) . Community schemes can be seen as the pinnacle of the aspirations and outlooks placed on local governments to exert good strategic direction, given that they include the demands to be airy, and associate vision to action, to be lasting, holistic and to integrate the outlooks and actions of a broad assortment of stakeholders. ( Williams et al. , 2006: 59 ) Historically, local governments have operated under extremely departmentalised and hierarchal constructions organised by sector, mostly mirroring those of cardinal authorities. Policies tend to be developed by single sections therefore it may be suggested ( mention ) frequently fail to encompass cross cutting dockets such as LA21. Research suggest that there are similarities between LA21 and community schemes ( Tuxworth, 2001 ) , every bit good as several differences ( Fisher, 1999 ; Pinfield and Saunders, 2000 ) . Arguably both schemes aim to equilibrate environmental, societal and economic considerations within the policy procedure, therefore underscoring partnership working and community engagement as the manner frontward. In add-on both require a vision statement clearly linked to an action program and purpose to mensurate the success of this against clearly defined outcome based indexs. One difference between the two schemes stems from LA21s origins as an international authoriza tion, to undertake planetary issues from the local degree. In contrast, community schemes focus entirely on quality of life issues at the local degree and are non specifically required to see the planetary impact of local activity. In common with Burningham and Thrush ( 2001 ) , the research suggests that incorporate policy devising and bringing makes complete sense to local people, even if it is non expressed utilizing this linguistic communication. Indeed, in economically deprived and environmentally debauched communities, policy officers, undertaking workers and local people likewise believe there is small sense in a policy docket that does non take this attack. Local people are fed up with being consulted once more and once more by different bureaus on the same topic, i.e. the hereafter of their country, regeneration, local service bringing and other quality-of-life issues. They are besides frustrated by the silo ?which can be defined as compartmentalization outlook of sections and the fact that the right manus does non look to cognize what the left manus is making. They recognise that, as a consequence, many of their concerns neer get addressed because they fall through the spread in policy devising footin gs and they feel that cherished resources are frequently being wasted through duplicate of attempt or excessively narrowly focussed bringing docket. Sir Michael sets out his vision for the hereafter of local authorities centred on the construct of ?place-shaping, which he defines as ?the originative usage of powers and influence to advance the general well being of a community and its citizens ( Lyons 2007: 60 ) Using their ability to convey together local stakeholders, every bit good as their fiscal and managerial resources, local governments must concentrate on developing a vision for their countries, and do better usage of the powers at their disposal. Lyons urges Government to halt handling local governments as service bringing organic structures and challenges local councils to be proactive instead than invariably look to the Centre for counsel and inspiration. There is therefore much confusion about how the many procedures of engagement or community engagement in public policy relate to the broader constructs of democracy, representation and authorization. Research suggests ( mention ) that there has been one peculiar country of confusion relates to whether authorities dictums on community authorization suggest a sweeping transportation of power to local communities. For illustration, Barnes et Al. ( 2008 ) investigated a figure of illustrations of ?citizen centred administration where local people work together ?to make up ones mind how their demands will be met and how public services can better their quality of life ( Barnes et al. 2008: 1 ) . Barnes ( 2008 ) acknowledged that this created a ?patchwork of administration agreements where determination devising is frequently ill-defined and to those non straight involved, moreover there is uncertainness about whether citizens are involved because of their single inferred cognition or as r epresentatives of the wider community. The result may be that of participatory administration which can be defined as administration that actively seeks the inclusion of the people, particularly those who are underprivileged and socially and economically excluded. Participatory administration encourages the engagement of those who do non happen it easy to take part in province procedures. Thus the persons may achieve new accomplishments and penetrations through interacting with professionals and elected members furthermore the local democracy becomes more vivacious, arguably though it can barely be claimed that there is a transportation of power to local communities. A farther country of softness relates to the different spheres in which community engagement takes topographic point for illustration in planning and development there are certain rights embedded within statute law and within local authorization schemes. Here local people are seldom engaged as members of local partnerships although frequently express resistan ce to developments through informal action groups and protest motions. Ball ( 2004 ) , for illustration, interviewed stakeholders involved in major belongings led development, and found that developers were critical of current audience procedures and questioned whether the ?local community could to the full measure the impact of a development which may impact a wider metropolis part. Ball ( 2004 ) concludes that the study consequences indicate  ¦.that it is far from clear to non-community agents that ?communities ¦ [ ever ] become to a great extent involved in regeneration. Alternatively, they often deal with a series of local militants, whose representativeness is frequently doubtful. Those militants, in bend, find it hard to construct up swearing relationships either with other spouses or the local community ( Ball 2004: 139 ) . Conversely, in the field of urban regeneration community representatives are either carbon monoxide opted or elected onto direction boards or partnerships, such as with the New Deal for Communities ( NDC ) programme and Local Strategic Partnerships ( LSP ) , where differences may originate about the scheme nevertheless, seldom about the cardinal intent of the programme. In this sense, engagement in citizen centred administration may be less confrontational than with the planning procedure where local people can easy experience comparatively powerless when opposing major developers. In kernel therefore, community engagement is loosely seen as an indispensable ingredient of the democratic procedure in order to guarantee that citizens feel they have a ?voice in relation to developments which affect their lives, that local cognition has a direct input to determination devising and as a consequence the outlook is that the quality of bringing improves. From this position community battle m ostly maps as a manner of oiling the wheels of bureaucratism without basically altering the balance of power between stakeholders. However, the grounds that community engagement has an impact on the quality of determination devising is inconclusive. Research suggests ( Foot, 2009 ) that ?It remains hard to happen grounds of the impact of community battle on service quality ( Foot 2009: 18 ) . That community engagement needfully leads to the ?empowerment of local communities is more combative and is possibly more a contemplation of the interchangeable usage of footings such as ?engagement, ?involvement and ?empowerment in the literature and authorities counsel. The construct of authorization has been used in relation to community engagement for some clip has merely late entered into the vocabulary of authorities policy ( CLG 2008 ) . The recent White Paper refers to empowerment as being about ?passing more and more political power to more and more people through every practical agencies ( CLG 2008: 2 ) Furthermore, a cardinal restriction of the counsel is the deficiency of definition of the functions of members of local communities for illustration are they selected or elected because of their single cognition or as representatives of the wider communities? Government seldom acknowledges that local communities may reflect really different point of views on local issues reflecting differences of age, lodging term of office or cultural beginning, therefore merely seek to guarantee that ?persons of from under represented groups are included. Finally, the usage of footings such as to inform, prosecute and authorise imply really different grades of alteration in current administration systems. It may be questioned that there is no counsel on what the ultimate aim should be, in every bit much that the White Paper sees empowerment as being about ?passing more and more political power to more and more people ¦ arguably though there is small symposium about how this might be achieved. Need to observe that all policies and agreed rules have to be wide to procure understanding on them ( Jones et al, 2007: 744 ) Word Count

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